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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Russian Journal of Earth Sciences</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">1681-1208</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">46522</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2205/2020ES000702</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Steric sea-level fluctuations from remote sensing, oceanic reanalyses and objective analyses in the North Atlantic</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Steric sea-level fluctuations from remote sensing, oceanic reanalyses and objective analyses in the North Atlantic</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Koldunov</surname>
       <given-names>Aleksey </given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Koldunov</surname>
       <given-names>Aleksey </given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>a.koldunov@spbu.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Fedorov</surname>
       <given-names>Aleksandr </given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Fedorov</surname>
       <given-names>Aleksandr </given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Bashmachnikov</surname>
       <given-names>Igor </given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Bashmachnikov</surname>
       <given-names>Igor </given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Belonenko</surname>
       <given-names>Tatyana </given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Belonenko</surname>
       <given-names>Tatyana </given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">St. Petersburg State University</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State University</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">St. Petersburg State University</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State University</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">St. Petersburg State University and Nansen International Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre (NIERSC)</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State University and Nansen International Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre (NIERSC)</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-4">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">St. Petersburg State University</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State University</institution>
     <country>ru</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <volume>20</volume>
   <issue>3</issue>
   <fpage>1</fpage>
   <lpage>14</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-10-29T12:47:43+03:00">
     <day>29</day>
     <month>10</month>
     <year>2021</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://ras.editorum.ru/en/nauka/article/46522/view">https://ras.editorum.ru/en/nauka/article/46522/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Five data sets were used to estimate steric level fluctuations in the North Atlantic for 2003-2015. We compare estimates made by a combination of altimetry and GRACE gravity data (ALT-GRV) with assessments obtained from vertical density profiles derived from SODA reanalysis, ARMOR, and EN4 objective analyses. We analyze the datasets without linear trends, and the seasonal signals are also removed. The resulting signals demonstrate the steric sea-level anomalies not related to the linear trends and the seasonal cycles and can be connected with short-period intra-annual variability as well as vortex dynamics of the region since mesoscale eddies can transfer heat and salt and influence thereby the thermohaline water structure from the sea surface to the depth. The deep convection, as well as meandering of the currents also influences the variability of residual time series. The steric sea-level fluctuations, obtained from the ARMOR dataset, which incorporates results of satellite observations, shows the best fit for those, derived from ALT-GRV data. The correlation coefficient between ARMOR and ALT-GRV varies between 0.6 and 0.8 over the study region (0.7 on average). Steric sea-level variations derived from SODA or EN4 show good matches with ALT-GRV only for the steric sea-level fluctuations spatially averaged over central regions of the North Atlantic. The discrepancies between the data sets increase northwards and towards the coast. Of the considered data sets, ARMOR is the most suitable for climate studies and research of the sea-level change effects; however, it should be used with caution in the study of the spatial distribution of the steric level.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Five data sets were used to estimate steric level fluctuations in the North Atlantic for 2003-2015. We compare estimates made by a combination of altimetry and GRACE gravity data (ALT-GRV) with assessments obtained from vertical density profiles derived from SODA reanalysis, ARMOR, and EN4 objective analyses. We analyze the datasets without linear trends, and the seasonal signals are also removed. The resulting signals demonstrate the steric sea-level anomalies not related to the linear trends and the seasonal cycles and can be connected with short-period intra-annual variability as well as vortex dynamics of the region since mesoscale eddies can transfer heat and salt and influence thereby the thermohaline water structure from the sea surface to the depth. The deep convection, as well as meandering of the currents also influences the variability of residual time series. The steric sea-level fluctuations, obtained from the ARMOR dataset, which incorporates results of satellite observations, shows the best fit for those, derived from ALT-GRV data. The correlation coefficient between ARMOR and ALT-GRV varies between 0.6 and 0.8 over the study region (0.7 on average). Steric sea-level variations derived from SODA or EN4 show good matches with ALT-GRV only for the steric sea-level fluctuations spatially averaged over central regions of the North Atlantic. The discrepancies between the data sets increase northwards and towards the coast. Of the considered data sets, ARMOR is the most suitable for climate studies and research of the sea-level change effects; however, it should be used with caution in the study of the spatial distribution of the steric level.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>Sea-level</kwd>
    <kwd>remote sensing</kwd>
    <kwd>North Atlantic</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>Sea-level</kwd>
    <kwd>remote sensing</kwd>
    <kwd>North Atlantic</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <funding-group>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The authors acknowledge the support of the Russian Science Foundation (RSF, project No. 18-17-00027).</funding-statement>
   </funding-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
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