Russian Federation
UDC 574.583
The paper examines structural features of hydrobiont communities in small watercourses of the European part of Russia under conditions of flow regulation by the Eurasian beaver. The research was conducted in the territory of the M.G. Sinitsyn State Nature Reserve "Kologrivsky Forest", where direct anthropogenic impact on the watercourses is excluded. The parameters of zooplankton development were used as an indicator of the impact of beaver activities. A comparison of the abiotic conditions and the main characteristics of zooplankton communities in flowing and beaver-regulated sections of small watercourses is presented. It is shown that in zoogenically transformed conditions, compared to flowing areas, the water transparency, pH and specific electrical conductivity are lower, and the temperature and BOD5 are higher. Zooplankton in conditions of flow regulation by beavers is characterized by an increase in comparison with flowing sections, zooplankton is characterized by: greater specific species richness, increased abundance, biomass, higher values of the Shannon species diversity index and saprobity, but lower values of the Pielou index. An original classification of beaver ponds is presented, based on the morphological features of the floodplain of watercourses, the size of the spill, the time of existence of ponds and the duration of residence of beaver families. The abiotic characteristics of each type of pond and the features of the development of zooplankton communities were analyzed. Based on the features of qualitative composition, quantitative characteristics, and the ratio of taxonomic and ecological groups of planktonic invertebrates, two diametrically different types of beaver ponds were identified: ponds on river sections with high floodplains and perennial ponds on streams. In ponds on river sections with high floodplains the structure of zooplankton communities is characterized by typical features of the consequences of zoogenic eutrophication, in perennial ponds on streams — of anthropogenic eutrophication. Ponds of other types present modifications of the processes of zooplankton communities organization under the influence of zoogenic factors.
zooplankton, small rivers, Kologrivsky Forest Nature Reserve, beaver ponds, zoogenic succession
1. Andronikova I.N. Strukturno-funkcional'naya organizaciya zooplanktona ozernyh ekosistem. SPb.: Nauka, 1996. 189 s.
2. Balushkina E.V., Vinberg G.G. Zavisimost' mezhdu massoy i dlinoy tela u planktonnyh zhivotnyh // Eksperimental'nye i polevye issledovaniya biologicheskih osnov produktivnosti ozer. L.: Zoologicheskiy institut AN SSSR, 1979. S. 58–79.
3. Boruckiy E.V. Opredelitel' svobodnozhivuschih presnovodnyh veslonogih rakov SSSR i sopredel'nyh stran po fragmentam v kishechnikah ryb. M.: Izd-vo Akad. nauk SSSR, 1960. 218 s.
4. Gavrilko D.E., Shurganova G.V., Kudrin I.A., Yakimov V.N. Vyyavlenie funkcional'nyh grupp presnovodnogo zooplanktona na osnove funkcional'nyh priznakov vidov // Povolzhskiy ekologicheskiy zhurnal. 2020. № 3. S. 290–306.
5. Golubeva D.O., Zolotareva T.V., Kudrin I.A., Shurganova G.V. Bioindikaciya malyh rek nagornoy chasti Nizhnego Novgoroda na osnove analiza vidovoy struktury zooplanktona // Sbornik dokladov VI-go Vserossiyskogo festivalya nauki. Nizhniy Novgorod: Nizhegorodskiy gosudarstvennyy arhitekturno-stroitel'nyy universitet. 2016. S. 423–426.
6. Davydov L.K., Dmitrieva A.A., Konkina N.G. Obschaya gidrologiya. SPb.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1973. 462 s.
7. Dzyuban N.A., Kuznecova S.P. O gidrobiologicheskom kontrole kachestva vod po zooplanktonu // Nauchnye osnovy kontrolya kachestva vod po gidrobiologicheskim pokazatelyam. L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1981. S. 117–136.
8. Drachev S.M. Bor'ba s zagryazneniem rek, ozer i vodohranilisch promyshlennymi i bytovymi stokami. M.–L.: Nauka, 1964. 272 s.
9. Zharkov I.V. Itogi rasseleniya rechnyh bobrov v SSSR // Tr. Voronezhsk. gos. zapovednika. Voronezh: Central'no-Chernozemnoe kn. izd-vo, 1969. Vyp. XVI. S.10–51.
10. Zharkov I.V., Sokolov V.E. Rechnoy bobr (Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758) v SSSR // Acta Theriologica. 1967. Vol. XII. № 3. S. 27–46.
11. Zav'yalov N.A., Hlyap L.A., Kataev G.D. i dr. Bobry v zapovednikah Evropeyskoy chasti Rossii. Velikie Luki: OOO “Velikolukskaya tipografiya”, 2018. S. 538.
12. Zaycev V.A., Sirotina M.V., Muradova L.V., Sitnikova O.N. Bobry zapovednika “Kologrivskiy les” // Bobry v zapovednikah evropeyskoy chasti Rossii. Velikie Luki: OOO “Velikolukskaya tipografiya”, 2018. S. 125–180.
13. Ivanova M.B., Telesh I.V. Ocenka ekologicheskogo sostoyaniya Nevskoy guby i vodotokov S.-Peterburga po zooplanktonu // Ekologicheskoe sostoyanie vodoemov i vodotokov basseyna reki Nevy. SPb.: Nauchnyy Centr RAN, 1996. S. 36–52.
14. Ivanter E.V., Korosov A.V. Vvedenie v kolichestvennuyu biologiyu. Petrozavodsk: PetrGU, 2011. 302 s.
15. Il'in M.Yu., Kudrin I.A., Shurganova G.V., Kuklina T.V. Rezul'taty bioindikacionnyh issledovaniy malyh rek GPBZ “Kerzhenskiy” Nizhegorodskoy oblasti // Indikaciya sostoyaniya okruzhayuschey sredy: teoriya, praktika, obrazovanie. Tr. tret'ey mezhdunar. nauchno-prakt. konf. molodyh uchenyh. M.: Buki-Vedi, 2014. S. 97–100.
16. Kadochnikov D.A., Kuznecova E.M., Ovchankova N.B. Ocenka ekologicheskogo sostoyaniya malyh rek g. Permi (r. Egoshihi i r. Danilihi) po biologicheskim pokazatelyam // Ekosistemy malyh rek: bioraznoobrazie, ekologiya, ohrana. Mater. lekciy II-y Vseros. shkoly-konf. 18–22 noyabrya 2014 g. Yaroslavl'. 2014. T. 2. S. 172–174.
17. Kartasheva N.V. Ocenka ekologicheskogo sostoyaniya reki Moskvy po strukturnym harakteristikam zooplanktona // Mater. III Vseros. konf. po vodnoy toksikologii, posvyaschennoy pamyati B.A. Flerova, “Antropogennoe vliyanie na vodnye organizmy i ekosistemy”, konf. po gidroekologii “Kriterii ocenki kachestva vod i metody normirovaniya antropogennyh nagruzok” i shkoly-seminara “Sovremennye metody issledovaniya i ocenki kachestva vod, sostoyaniya vodnyh organizmov i ekosistem v usloviyah antropogennoy nagruzki”. Chast' 3. Borok, 2008. S. 197.
18. Korovchinskiy N.M., Kotov A.A., Sinev A.Yu. i dr. Vetvistousye rakoobraznye (Crustacea: Cladocera) Severnoy Evrazii. M.: T-vo nauchn. izdaniy KMK, 2021. T. II. 544 s.
19. Kreneva S.V., Kreneva K.V., Svistunova L.D. Vozmozhnosti ispol'zovaniya kolovratok v ocenke sostoyaniya vodnyh ekosistem // Kolovratki (taksonomiya, biologiya i ekologiya). Borok: IBVV RAN, 2005. S. 104–114.
20. Krivenkova I.F. Znachenie fitofil'nogo zooplanktona dlya ekosistemy ozera Kenon // Uchenye zapiski ZabGU. 2018. Vyp. 13. S. 60–65.
21. Krylov A.V. Zooplankton malyh rek v usloviyah antropogennogo i estestvennogo (zoogennogo) evtrofirovaniya // Biologicheskie resursy Belogo morya i vnutrennih vodoemov Evropeyskogo Severa. Tez. dokl. mezhdunar. konf. Petrozavodsk, 1995. S. 143–144.
22. Krylov A.V. Zhiznedeyatel'nost' bobrov kak ekologicheskiy faktor razvitiya zooplanktona malyh rek // Problemy sohraneniya i ocenki sostoyaniya prirodnyh kompleksov i ob'ektov. Voronezh, 1997. S. 141–142.
23. Krylov A.V. Zooplankton ravninnyh malyh rek. M.: Nauka, 2005. 263 s.
24. Krylov A.V. Rechnoy bobr (Castor fiber L.) kak klyuchevoy vid ekosistemy maloy reki (na primere Prioksko-Terrasnogo gosudarstvennogo biosfernogo prirodnogo zapovednika). M.: T-vo nauchn. izdaniy KMK, 2012. S. 60–77.
25. Krylov A.V., Zav'yalov N.A. Zooplankton maloy severnoy reki, zaselennoy bobrami // Gidrobiologicheskie issledovaniya v zapovednikah. M., 1996. S. 32–41.
26. Krylov A.B., Zav'yalov N.A. Vliyanie stroitel'noy deyatel'nosti bobra (Castor fiber L.) na razvitie soobschestv zooplanktona maloy severnoy reki (r. Iskra, basseyn Rybinskogo vodohranilischa) // Byulleten' Moskovskogo obschestva ispytateley prirody. Otdel biologicheskiy. 1998. T. 103. S. 3–7.
27. Krylov A.V., Zav'yalov N.A. Rol' vesennego polovod'ya i dozhdevyh pavodkov v razvitii zooplanktona bobrovyh prudov // Ekologiya. 2000. № 1. S. 24–27.
28. Krylov A.V., Chalova I.V., Shevchenko N.S. Eksperimental'nye issledovaniya vliyaniya produktov zhiznedeyatel'nosti bobrov (Castor fiber L.) na formirovanie struktury zooplanktona (na primere razvitiya dvuh raznorazmernyh vidov vetvistousyh rakoobraznyh // Sibirskiy ekologicheskiy zhurnal. 2016. № 4. C. 600–610.
29. Kudrin I.A., Il'in M.Yu., Polyanceva E.V., Zaeva I.A. Ocenka kachestva vody pritokov rechnogo uchastka Cheboksarskogo vodohranilischa na osnove analiza indikatornyh vidov zooplanktona // Mater. VI Vseros. nauchnoy ekol. konf. shkol'nikov, studentov, molodezhi i pedagogov, posvyaschennaya Vsemirnym dnyam Vody i Zemli “Voda — istochnik zhizni na Zemle” (Sankt–Peterburg, 27–29 marta 2013 g.). SPb.: OOO “Kopi–R Grupp”, 2013. S. 192–195.
30. Kutikova L.A. Kolovratki fauny SSSR. L.: Nauka, 1970. 742 s.
31. Makeev I.S., Gavrilko D.E. Metazoynyy plankton kak pokazatel' ekologicheskogo sostoyaniya malyh vodotokov Nizhnego Novgoroda // Zoologicheskie issledovaniya regionov Rossii i sopredel'nyh territoriy: Mater. III Mezhdunar. nauch. konf. (N. Novgorod, 14–15 yanvarya 2014 g.). Nizhniy Novgorod: NGPU im. K. Minina, 2014. S. 123–127.
32. Opredelitel' zooplanktona i zoobentosa presnyh vod Evropeyskoy Rossii / pod red. Alekseeva V.R., Calolihina S.Ya. Moskva, SPb.: T-vo nauchn. KMK, 2010. 495 s.
33. Osipov V.V., Bashinskiy I.V., Podshivalina V.N. O vliyanii deyatel'nosti rechnogo bobra — Sastor fiber (Sastoridae, Mammalia) na bioraznoobrazie ekosistem malyh rek lesostepnoy zony // Povolzhskiy ekologicheskiy zhurnal. 2017. № 1. S. 69–83. DOI:https://doi.org/10.18500/1684-7318-2017-1-69-83.
34. Petin A.N., Lebedeva M.G., Krymskaya O.V. Analiz i ocenka kachestva poverhnostnyh vod: ucheb. posobie. Belgorod: Izd-vo BelGU, 2006. 252 s.
35. Salazkin A.A., Ivanova M.B., Ogorodnikova V.A. Metodicheskie rekomendacii po sboru i obrabotke materialov pri gidrobiologicheskih issledovaniyah na presnovodnyh vodoemah. Zooplankton i ego produkciya. L.: GosNIORH, 1982. 33 s.
36. Sirotin A.L., Sirotina M.V. Sredoobrazuyuschee vliyanie Castor fiber L. na soobschestva zooplanktona malyh rek na territorii gosudarstvennogo prirodnogo zapovednika “Kologrivskiy les” im. M.G. Sinicyna // Principy ekologii. 2024. № 3. S. 83–95. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15393/j1.art.2024.15043.
37. Sirotina M.V. Izmeneniya struktury soobschestv zooplanktona bobrovyh prudov pod vozdeystviem zoogennogo faktora // Voda. Himiya i ekologiya. 2019. № 7–9. S. 72–80.
38. Chuykov Yu.S. Metody ekologicheskogo analiza sostava i struktury soobschestv vodnyh zhivotnyh. Ekologicheskaya klassifikaciya bespozvonochnyh, vstrechayuschihsya v planktone presnyh vod // Ekologiya. 1981. № 3. S. 71–77.
39. Chuykov Yu.S. Materialy k kadastru planktonnyh bespozvonochnyh basseyna Volgi i Severnogo Kaspiya. Kolovratki (Rotatoria). Tol'yatti: IEVB RAN, 2000. 196 s.
40. Chuykov Yu.S. Troficheskaya struktura soobschestv zooplanktona: istoriya i nekotorye itogi izucheniya // Astrahanskiy vestnik ekologicheskogo obrazovaniya. 2018. № 3(45). S. 175–185.
41. Shitikov V.K., Rozenberg G.S., Zinchenko T.D. Kolichestvennaya gidroekologiya: metody sovremennoy identifikacii. Tol'yatti: IEVB RAN, 2003. 463 s.
42. Shurganova G.V., Kudrin I.A., Gavrilko D.E., Il'in M.Yu., Zolotareva T.V., Zhiharev V.S., Golubeva D.O. Izmeneniya vidovoy struktury zooplanktonnyh soobschestv raznotipnyh vodotokov Nizhegorodskoy oblasti kak pokazateli kachestva ih vod i ekologicheskogo sostoyaniya // Bioindikaciya v monitoringe presnovodnyh ekosistem III: Mater. Mezhdunar. konf. SPb.: Svoe izdatel'stvo, 2017. S. 382–385.
43. Cattell R.B. The scree test for the number of factors // Multivariate Behavioral Research. 1966. Vol. 1. P. 245–276.
44. Czerniawski R., Sługocki L., Kowalska-Góralska M. Effects of beaver dams on the zooplankton assemblages in four temperate lowland streams (NW Poland) // Biologia. 2017. Vol. 72/4. P. 417–430.
45. Gorban A., Kegl B., Wunsch D., Zinovyev A. Principal Manifolds for Data Visualisation and Dimension Reduction // Springer. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 2007. 340 p.
46. Grudzinski B., Fritz K., Golden H.E., Johnson T.A., Rech J.A., Levy J. A global review of beaver dam impacts: Stream conservation implications across biomes // Global Ecology and Conservation. 2022. Vol. 37. P. 1–15.
47. Kruskal W.H., Wallis W.A. Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analysis // Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1952. Vol. 47. № 260. P. 583–621.
48. Krylov A.V. Impact of the activities of beaver on the zooplankton of a piedmont river (Mongolia) // Inland Water Biology. 2008. Vol. 1. P. 73–75. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12212-008-1011-4.
49. Krylov, A.V. Activity of beavers as an ecological factor affecting the zooplankton of small rivers // Rus. J. Ecol. 2002. Vol. 33. P. 350–357. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020221911648.
50. Lobunicheva, E.V., Makarenkova N.N., Ivicheva K.N. et al. Assessing the ecological state of a small river in the urbanized area in terms of phytoplankton, zooplankton and zoobenthos characteristics (the Sodema River of Vologda Oblast as a case study) // Ecosystem Transformation. 2023. Vol. 6(4). P. 119–140. DOI:https://doi.org/10.23859/estr-230922.
51. Mann H.B., Whitney D.R. On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other // Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 1947. Vol. 18. P. 50–60.
52. Margalef R. Information Theory in Ecology // General Systems. 1958. Vol. 3. P. 36–71.
53. Pielou E. The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections // Journal of Theoretical Biology. 1966. Vol. 13. P. 131–144. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(66)90013-0.
54. Rosell F., Bozser O., Collen P., Parker H. Ecological impact of beavers Castor fiber and Castor canadensis and their ability to modify ecosystems // Mammal Rev. 2005. Vol. 35(3–4). P. 248–276.
55. Ruttner-Kolisko A. Proposed formula for calculating body volume of planktonic rotifers. A review of some problems in zooplankton production studies // Journal of Zoology. 1976. Vol. 24. P. 419–456.
56. Shannon C.E., Weaver W. The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana: The university of Illinois press, 1963. 117 p.
57. Sirotin A.L., Sirotina M.V. Structure of Zooplanktocenoses of Water Bodies of Zoogenic Origin of Different Types in a Specially Protected Natural Territory // Inland Water Biology. 2024. Vol. 17(3). P. 431–441. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31857/S0320965224030079.
58. Sirotin A.L., Sirotina M.V., 2022. The structure of zooplankton community in different biotopes of small rivers in the Kologrivsky cluster of the Natural State Reserve “Kologrivsky Forest” // Ecosystem Transformation. 2022. Vol. 5(4). P. 37–47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.23859/estr-220311.
59. Sirotina M.V., Muradova L.V., Dyukova A.S., Sokolova T.L. Assessing the environmental status of the Zeya River by the state of aquatic communities at the construction site of the Amur gas chemical complex // Ecosystem Transformation. 2023. Vol. 6(3). P. 120–141. DOI:https://doi.org/10.23859/estr-220314.
60. Sládeček V. System of water quality from the biological point of view // Arch. Hydrobiol. 1973. Vol. 7. P. 1–218.
61. Sörensen T. Method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species content // Biol. krifter. Copenhagen: Videnskabernes Selskab Royal Academy, 1948. Vol. 4. P. 1–34.
62. Spath H. Cluster analysis algorithms. Chichester, UK: Ellis Horwood. 1980. 226 p.
63. Wilcoxon F. Individual Comparisons by Ranking Methods // Biometrics Bulletin. 1945. Vol. 1. № 6. P. 80–83. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/3001968.
